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Lição 87 — Integrais trigonométricas e substituição trigonométrica

∫ sinⁿcos^m via identidades e sub u. Substituição trigonométrica para radicais √(a²±x²) e √(x²−a²). Fórmulas de redução de potências.

Used in: Cálculo II (Brasil) · Equiv. Math III japonês · Equiv. Analysis LK alemão · AP Calculus BC (EUA)

sinnxcosmxdxx=asinθ,  x=atanθ,  x=asecθ\int \sin^n x \cos^m x\, dx \quad \bigg| \quad x = a\sin\theta,\; x = a\tan\theta,\; x = a\sec\theta
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Rigorous notation, full derivation, hypotheses

Identità, schemi e sostituzioni

Identità fondamentali

Schemi per sinnxcosmxdx\int \sin^n x \cos^m x\, dx

"The strategy for integrating a product of powers of sine and cosine depends on the parities of the exponents involved. When one of the exponents is odd, we 'peel off' one factor and use the Pythagorean identity to convert the remaining even power." — OpenStax Calculus Vol. 2, §3.2

Sostituzione trigonometrica

"The idea behind trigonometric substitution is to replace an expression involving a square root with a trigonometric expression, which is easier to integrate." — APEX Calculus §6.4

Formule di riduzione

Esempi risolti

Exercise list

32 exercises · 8 with worked solution (25%)

Application 24Modeling 4Challenge 2Proof 2
  1. Ex. 87.1Application

    Calcolate sin2xdx\int \sin^2 x\, dx.

  2. Ex. 87.2Application

    Calcolate cos2xdx\int \cos^2 x\, dx.

  3. Ex. 87.3ApplicationAnswer key

    Calcolate sin3xdx\int \sin^3 x\, dx.

  4. Ex. 87.4Application

    Calcolate cos3xdx\int \cos^3 x\, dx.

  5. Ex. 87.5ApplicationAnswer key

    Calcolate sin4xdx\int \sin^4 x\, dx.

  6. Ex. 87.6Application

    Calcolate cos4xdx\int \cos^4 x\, dx.

  7. Ex. 87.7Application

    Calcolate sin5xdx\int \sin^5 x\, dx.

  8. Ex. 87.8Application

    Calcolate tan2xdx\int \tan^2 x\, dx.

  9. Ex. 87.9ApplicationAnswer key

    Calcolate sin2xcos2xdx\int \sin^2 x \cos^2 x\, dx.

  10. Ex. 87.10ApplicationAnswer key

    Calcolate sin3xcosxdx\int \sin^3 x \cos x\, dx.

  11. Ex. 87.11ApplicationAnswer key

    Calcolate sinxcos3xdx\int \sin x \cos^3 x\, dx.

  12. Ex. 87.12Application

    Calcolate sin3xcos2xdx\int \sin^3 x \cos^2 x\, dx.

  13. Ex. 87.13Application

    Calcolate sin(3x)cos(2x)dx\int \sin(3x)\cos(2x)\, dx.

  14. Ex. 87.14Application

    Calcolate tan2xsec2xdx\int \tan^2 x \sec^2 x\, dx.

  15. Ex. 87.15Application

    Calcolate 1x2dx\int \sqrt{1 - x^2}\, dx.

  16. Ex. 87.16Application

    Calcolate 4x2dx\int \sqrt{4 - x^2}\, dx.

  17. Ex. 87.17Application

    Calcolate 11x2dx\int \dfrac{1}{\sqrt{1 - x^2}}\, dx.

  18. Ex. 87.18ApplicationAnswer key

    Calcolate 19x2dx\int \dfrac{1}{\sqrt{9 - x^2}}\, dx.

  19. Ex. 87.19Application

    Calcolate x21x2dx\int \dfrac{x^2}{\sqrt{1 - x^2}}\, dx.

  20. Ex. 87.20Application

    Calcolate 11+x2dx\int \dfrac{1}{1 + x^2}\, dx via sostituzione x=tanθx = \tan\theta.

  21. Ex. 87.21Application

    Calcolate 11+x2dx\int \dfrac{1}{\sqrt{1 + x^2}}\, dx.

  22. Ex. 87.22Application

    Calcolate 1+x2dx\int \sqrt{1 + x^2}\, dx.

  23. Ex. 87.23ApplicationAnswer key

    Calcolate 1x21dx\int \dfrac{1}{\sqrt{x^2 - 1}}\, dx.

  24. Ex. 87.24Application

    Calcolate x24dx\int \sqrt{x^2 - 4}\, dx.

  25. Ex. 87.25Modeling

    Provate che l'area del cerchio di raggio rr è πr2\pi r^2 calcolando A=40rr2x2dxA = 4\int_0^r \sqrt{r^2 - x^2}\, dx.

  26. Ex. 87.26Modeling

    Distribuzione di Cauchy: verificate che f(x)=1π(1+x2)f(x) = \dfrac{1}{\pi(1+x^2)} soddisfa f(x)dx=1\int_{-\infty}^\infty f(x)\, dx = 1.

  27. Ex. 87.27Modeling

    Tensione efficace (RMS) di v(t)=V0sin(ωt)v(t) = V_0\sin(\omega t): calcolate Vrms=1T0Tv2dtV_{rms} = \sqrt{\frac{1}{T}\int_0^T v^2\, dt} dove T=2π/ωT = 2\pi/\omega.

  28. Ex. 87.28Modeling

    Area dell'ellisse x2/a2+y2/b2=1x^2/a^2 + y^2/b^2 = 1: calcolate A=40abaa2x2dxA = 4\int_0^a \frac{b}{a}\sqrt{a^2 - x^2}\, dx e mostrate che A=πabA = \pi ab.

  29. Ex. 87.29ChallengeAnswer key

    Calcolate sec5xdx\int \sec^5 x\, dx usando la formula di riduzione per secn\sec^n.

  30. Ex. 87.30Challenge

    Calcolate 1sinxdx=cscxdx\int \dfrac{1}{\sin x}\, dx = \int \csc x\, dx usando la sostituzione di Weierstrass t=tan(x/2)t = \tan(x/2).

  31. Ex. 87.31Proof

    Dimostrazione. Provate la formula di riduzione sinnxdx=sinn1xcosxn+n1nsinn2xdx\int \sin^n x\, dx = -\frac{\sin^{n-1}x\cos x}{n} + \frac{n-1}{n}\int\sin^{n-2}x\, dx usando l'integrazione per parti.

  32. Ex. 87.32Proof

    Dimostrazione. Provate che secxdx=lnsecx+tanx+C\int \sec x\, dx = \ln\lvert \sec x + \tan x\rvert + C moltiplicando per (secx+tanx)/(secx+tanx)(\sec x + \tan x)/(\sec x + \tan x).

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Updated on 2026-05-06 · Author(s): Clube da Matemática

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