Math ClubMath Club
v1 · padrão canônico

第44课 — 单侧极限与无穷极限

Limite pela direita e esquerda. Limites infinitos e no infinito. Existência via laterais.

Used in: 2.º ano do EM (16-17 anos) · Equiv. Math II japonês §limites unilaterais · Equiv. Analysis-Vorkurs alemão

limxaf(x)=L    limxa+f(x)=limxaf(x)=L\lim_{x \to a} f(x) = L \iff \lim_{x \to a^+} f(x) = \lim_{x \to a^-} f(x) = L
Choose your door

Rigorous notation, full derivation, hypotheses

严格定义

单侧极限

通过单侧的存在性定理

limxaf(x)=L    limxa+f(x)=limxaf(x)=L\lim_{x \to a} f(x) = L \iff \lim_{x \to a^+} f(x) = \lim_{x \to a^-} f(x) = L

无穷极限

limxaf(x)=+\lim_{x \to a} f(x) = +\inftyM>0,δ>0:0<xa<δf(x)>M\forall M > 0, \exists \delta > 0 : 0 < |x - a| < \delta \Rightarrow f(x) > M

-\infty 与单侧类似。

无穷处极限

limxf(x)=L\lim_{x \to \infty} f(x) = L\eps>0,N:x>Nf(x)L<\eps\forall \eps > 0, \exists N : x > N \Rightarrow |f(x) - L| < \eps

limxf(x)=+\lim_{x \to \infty} f(x) = +\inftyM,N:x>Nf(x)>M\forall M, \exists N : x > N \Rightarrow f(x) > M

量化表

类型形式
limxa=L\lim_{x \to a} = L\eps,δ\forall \eps, \exists \delta
limxa+=L\lim_{x \to a^+} = L\eps,δ\forall \eps, \exists \deltax>ax > a
limxa=\lim_{x \to a} = \inftyM,δ\forall M, \exists \delta
limx=L\lim_{x \to \infty} = L\eps,N\forall \eps, \exists N
limx=\lim_{x \to \infty} = \inftyM,N\forall M, \exists N

xx \to \inftyP/QP/Q 的"直接"规则

degP\deg P vs degQ\deg Qlim\lim
degP>degQ\deg P > \deg Q±\pm\infty
degP=degQ\deg P = \deg Q首项系数比
degP<degQ\deg P < \deg Q00

Exercise list

40 exercises · 10 with worked solution (25%)

Application 28Understanding 3Modeling 6Proof 3
  1. Ex. 44.1ApplicationAnswer key
    limx0+1/x\lim_{x \to 0^+} 1/x。(答:++\infty。)
  2. Ex. 44.2ApplicationAnswer key
    limx01/x\lim_{x \to 0^-} 1/x
  3. Ex. 44.3ApplicationAnswer key
    limx2+1/(x2)\lim_{x \to 2^+} 1/(x - 2)
  4. Ex. 44.4Application
    limx21/(x2)\lim_{x \to 2^-} 1/(x - 2)
  5. Ex. 44.5ApplicationAnswer key
    limx1/x\lim_{x \to \infty} 1/x
  6. Ex. 44.6Application
    limx(3x+1)/(x+5)\lim_{x \to \infty} (3x + 1)/(x + 5)。(答:3。)
  7. Ex. 44.7Application
    limx(x2+1)/(x+1)\lim_{x \to \infty} (x^2 + 1)/(x + 1)
  8. Ex. 44.8Application
    limxex\lim_{x \to \infty} e^{-x}
  9. Ex. 44.9ApplicationAnswer key
    limx(lnx)/x\lim_{x \to \infty} (\ln x)/x
  10. Ex. 44.10ApplicationAnswer key
    limx0+lnx\lim_{x \to 0^+} \ln x。(答:-\infty。)
  11. Ex. 44.11Application
    limx(π/2)tanx\lim_{x \to (\pi/2)^-} \tan x
  12. Ex. 44.12ApplicationAnswer key
    limx(π/2)+tanx\lim_{x \to (\pi/2)^+} \tan x
  13. Ex. 44.13Application
    limx0x/x\lim_{x \to 0} |x|/x——单侧与双侧。
  14. Ex. 44.14Application
    limx1x\lim_{x \to 1} \lfloor x \rfloor——单侧。
  15. Ex. 44.15Application
    limxx2+3x\lim_{x \to \infty} \sqrt{x^2 + 3} - x
  16. Ex. 44.16Application
    limxx2+3+x\lim_{x \to -\infty} \sqrt{x^2 + 3} + x。(答:0。)
  17. Ex. 44.17Application
    limx(x43x2)/(2x4+1)\lim_{x \to \infty} (x^4 - 3x^2)/(2x^4 + 1)。(答:1/21/2。)
  18. Ex. 44.18Application
    limxarctanx\lim_{x \to \infty} \arctan x。(答:π/2\pi/2。)
  19. Ex. 44.19Application
    limxarctanx\lim_{x \to -\infty} \arctan x
  20. Ex. 44.20ApplicationAnswer key
    limx0+xlnx\lim_{x \to 0^+} x \ln x。(答:0。)
  21. Ex. 44.21Application
    f(x)={x+1x<0x2+1x0f(x) = \begin{cases} x + 1 & x < 0 \\ x^2 + 1 & x \geq 0 \end{cases}limx0\lim_{x \to 0} 存在?
  22. Ex. 44.22Application
    f(x)={2xx1x+1x>1f(x) = \begin{cases} 2x & x \leq 1 \\ x + 1 & x > 1 \end{cases}limx1\lim_{x \to 1}?(答:2。)
  23. Ex. 44.23ApplicationAnswer key
    f(x)={sinx/xx00x=0f(x) = \begin{cases} \sin x / x & x \neq 0 \\ 0 & x = 0 \end{cases}limx0=?\lim_{x \to 0} = ?
  24. Ex. 44.24Application
    aa 使 f(x)={axx<1x2x1f(x) = \begin{cases} ax & x < 1 \\ x^2 & x \geq 1 \end{cases}x=1x = 1 有极限。
  25. Ex. 44.25Application
    limx0sin(1/x)\lim_{x \to 0} \sin(1/x) 存在?说明。
  26. Ex. 44.26Application
    f(x)=e1/xf(x) = e^{1/x}。计算 limx0+\lim_{x \to 0^+}limx0\lim_{x \to 0^-}
  27. Ex. 44.27Application
    limx0+e1/x\lim_{x \to 0^+} e^{-1/x}limx0e1/x\lim_{x \to 0^-} e^{-1/x}
  28. Ex. 44.28Application
    fflimxa+=L1\lim_{x \to a^+} = L_1limxa=L2\lim_{x \to a^-} = L_2L1L2L_1 \neq L_2lim\lim 双侧存在?(答:否。)
  29. Ex. 44.29Modeling
    在振动力学中,阻尼振动:A(t)=A0eγtcos(ωt)A(t) = A_0 e^{-\gamma t} \cos(\omega t)limtA(t)=?\lim_{t \to \infty} A(t) = ?
  30. Ex. 44.30Modeling
    在药动学中,C(t)=C0ektC(t) = C_0 e^{-kt}limtC(t)=0\lim_{t \to \infty} C(t) = 0——解释。
  31. Ex. 44.31Modeling
    在电容:V(t)=V(1et/RC)V(t) = V_\infty (1 - e^{-t/RC})limtV(t)=V\lim_{t \to \infty} V(t) = V_\infty
  32. Ex. 44.32Modeling
    在经济学中,C(q)/qcC(q)/q \to c(平均成本 → 边际成本)。建模 limq\lim_{q \to \infty}
  33. Ex. 44.33Modeling
    传递函数 H(s)=K/(s+1)H(s) = K/(s+1) 系统响应。DC 增益 =lims0H(s)=K= \lim_{s \to 0} H(s) = K
  34. Ex. 44.34Modeling
    玻尔兹曼分布:p(E)eE/kTp(E) \propto e^{-E/kT}limEp=0\lim_{E \to \infty} p = 0limT0+\lim_{T \to 0^+} 集中于 EminE_{\min}
  35. Ex. 44.35Understanding
    证若 limxa+=limxa=L\lim_{x \to a^+} = \lim_{x \to a^-} = L,则 limxa=L\lim_{x \to a} = L
  36. Ex. 44.36Understanding
    构造 ff 使 limx0+=1\lim_{x \to 0^+} = 1limx0=1\lim_{x \to 0^-} = -1
  37. Ex. 44.37Understanding
    limxP(x)/Q(x)\lim_{x \to \infty} P(x)/Q(x) 依首次项(3 情形)。
  38. Ex. 44.38ProofAnswer key
    degP<degQ\deg P < \deg QlimxP(x)/Q(x)=0\lim_{x \to \infty} P(x)/Q(x) = 0
  39. Ex. 44.39Proof
    用 ε-M 证 limx0+1/x=+\lim_{x \to 0^+} 1/x = +\infty
  40. Ex. 44.40Proof
    limxarctanx=π/2\lim_{x \to \infty} \arctan x = \pi/2

参考来源

Updated on 2026-04-30 · Author(s): Clube da Matemática

Found an error? Open an issue on GitHub or submit a PR — open source forever.