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第45课 — 重要极限与不定式

lim sin x/x = 1, lim (1+1/n)^n = e, lim (e^x − 1)/x = 1. Indeterminações e técnicas.

Used in: 2.º ano EM (Trim. 5) · Equiv. Math II japonês (cap. 3 — limites especiais) · Equiv. Klasse 11 alemã (Grenzwerte trigonometrisch) · Equiv. H2 Math singapurense (Special limits)

limx0sinxx=1,limx(1+1x)x=e,limx0ex1x=1\lim_{x \to 0} \frac{\sin x}{x} = 1, \quad \lim_{x \to \infty} \left(1 + \frac{1}{x}\right)^x = e, \quad \lim_{x \to 0} \frac{e^x - 1}{x} = 1
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Rigorous notation, full derivation, hypotheses

重要极限与技巧

三个基本

  1. limx0sinxx=1\displaystyle\lim_{x \to 0} \frac{\sin x}{x} = 1(几何——夹逼)。
  2. limx(1+1x)x=e\displaystyle\lim_{x \to \infty} \left(1 + \frac{1}{x}\right)^x = e(定义 ee)。
  3. limx0ex1x=1\displaystyle\lim_{x \to 0} \frac{e^x - 1}{x} = 1(由前者推出)。

有用变体(表)

极限
limx0sinx/x\lim_{x \to 0} \sin x / x11
limx0sin(kx)/x\lim_{x \to 0} \sin(kx)/xkk
limx0tanx/x\lim_{x \to 0} \tan x / x11
limx0(1cosx)/x2\lim_{x \to 0} (1-\cos x)/x^21/21/2
limx0(1cosx)/x\lim_{x \to 0} (1-\cos x)/x00
limx0arcsinx/x\lim_{x \to 0} \arcsin x / x11
limx0arctanx/x\lim_{x \to 0} \arctan x / x11
limx0(ex1)/x\lim_{x \to 0} (e^x - 1)/x11
limx0(ax1)/x\lim_{x \to 0} (a^x - 1)/xlna\ln a
limx0ln(1+x)/x\lim_{x \to 0} \ln(1+x)/x11
limx0((1+x)a1)/x\lim_{x \to 0} ((1+x)^a - 1)/xaa
limx(1+a/x)x\lim_{x \to \infty} (1 + a/x)^xeae^a
limx0+xx\lim_{x \to 0^+} x^x11
limx0+xlnx\lim_{x \to 0^+} x \ln x00

7 种常见不定式

0/00/0/\infty/\infty\infty - \infty00 \cdot \infty11^\infty000^00\infty^0——通过操作或洛必达(第64课)解决。

技巧

  • 因式分解约简(多项式 0/00/0)。
  • 共轭(含根 0/00/0)。
  • 三角:用 sinxx\sin x \approx x(小 xx)。
  • 变量替换u=1/xu = 1/xu=xau = x - a
  • 取对数AB=eBlnAA^B = e^{B \ln A}11^\infty000^00/00/0

Exercise list

42 exercises · 10 with worked solution (25%)

Application 30Understanding 4Modeling 6Challenge 2
  1. Ex. 45.1Application
    limx0sin(2x)/x\lim_{x \to 0} \sin(2x)/x。(答:2。)
  2. Ex. 45.2Application
    limx0sin(5x)/sin(3x)\lim_{x \to 0} \sin(5x)/\sin(3x)。(答:5/35/3。)
  3. Ex. 45.3Application
    limx0tanx/x\lim_{x \to 0} \tan x / x
  4. Ex. 45.4Application
    limx0(1cosx)/x2\lim_{x \to 0} (1 - \cos x)/x^2。(答:1/21/2。)
  5. Ex. 45.5Application
    limx(1+2/x)x\lim_{x \to \infty} (1 + 2/x)^x。(答:e2e^2。)
  6. Ex. 45.6Application
    limx0(1+3x)1/x\lim_{x \to 0} (1 + 3x)^{1/x}
  7. Ex. 45.7Application
    limx0(e2x1)/x\lim_{x \to 0} (e^{2x} - 1)/x。(答:2。)
  8. Ex. 45.8ApplicationAnswer key
    limx0(ex1)/sinx\lim_{x \to 0} (e^x - 1)/\sin x
  9. Ex. 45.9Application
    limx0ln(1+x)/x\lim_{x \to 0} \ln(1+x)/x
  10. Ex. 45.10ApplicationAnswer key
    limx0ln(1+5x)/x\lim_{x \to 0} \ln(1 + 5x)/x
  11. Ex. 45.11Application
    limx0+xlnx\lim_{x \to 0^+} x \ln x。(答:0。)
  12. Ex. 45.12ApplicationAnswer key
    limx0+xx\lim_{x \to 0^+} x^x。(答:1。)
  13. Ex. 45.13Application
    limx1(1/(1x)2/(1x2))\lim_{x \to 1} (1/(1-x) - 2/(1-x^2))。(答:1/2-1/2。)
  14. Ex. 45.14Application
    limx0sin(x2)/x\lim_{x \to 0} \sin(x^2)/x
  15. Ex. 45.15ApplicationAnswer key
    limx(11/x)x\lim_{x \to \infty} (1 - 1/x)^x。(答:1/e1/e。)
  16. Ex. 45.16ApplicationAnswer key
    limx0((1+x)51)/x\lim_{x \to 0} ((1+x)^5 - 1)/x。(答:5。)
  17. Ex. 45.17Application
    limx0(3x1)/x\lim_{x \to 0} (3^x - 1)/x。(答:ln3\ln 3。)
  18. Ex. 45.18Application
    limx0(arcsinx)/x\lim_{x \to 0} (\arcsin x)/x
  19. Ex. 45.19Application
    limx0(arctanx)/x\lim_{x \to 0} (\arctan x)/x
  20. Ex. 45.20Application
    limx(x/(x+1))x\lim_{x \to \infty} (x/(x+1))^x。(答:1/e1/e。)
  21. Ex. 45.21Application
    limx0(cosx)1/x2\lim_{x \to 0} (\cos x)^{1/x^2}。(答:e1/2e^{-1/2}。)
  22. Ex. 45.22Application
    limx0(cosx)1/x\lim_{x \to 0} (\cos x)^{1/x}。(答:1。)
  23. Ex. 45.23ApplicationAnswer key
    limx0((sinx)/x)1/x2\lim_{x \to 0} ((\sin x)/x)^{1/x^2}
  24. Ex. 45.24Application
    limx((x+2)/(x1))x\lim_{x \to \infty} ((x+2)/(x-1))^x。(答:e3e^3。)
  25. Ex. 45.25ApplicationAnswer key
    limx0+xsinx\lim_{x \to 0^+} x^{\sin x}。(答:1。)
  26. Ex. 45.26Application
    limx0+(sinx)x\lim_{x \to 0^+} (\sin x)^x。(答:1。)
  27. Ex. 45.27Application
    limx1x1/(x1)\lim_{x \to 1} x^{1/(x-1)}
  28. Ex. 45.28Application
    limx0(1+sinx)1/x\lim_{x \to 0} (1 + \sin x)^{1/x}
  29. Ex. 45.29Application
    limx0(ex+x)1/x\lim_{x \to 0} (e^x + x)^{1/x}
  30. Ex. 45.30Application
    limn(n+1)/n2sin(n)\lim_{n \to \infty} (n+1)/n^2 \cdot \sin(n)。(答:0 通过夹逼。)
  31. Ex. 45.31Modeling
    连续复利:V0=1000V_0 = 1000r=5%/r = 5\%/年,T=10T = 10 年。通过 limnV0(1+r/n)nT\lim_{n \to \infty} V_0(1 + r/n)^{nT} 计算 V(T)V(T)
  32. Ex. 45.32Modeling
    放射衰变:半衰期 5 年。12 年后 N(t)/N0N(t)/N_0?用 eλte^{-\lambda t}λ=ln2/5\lambda = \ln 2 / 5
  33. Ex. 45.33ModelingAnswer key
    钟摆小振荡:T=2πL/gT = 2\pi\sqrt{L/g}。通过 limsinx/x=1\lim \sin x/x = 1 证替换 sinθθ\sin \theta \approx \theta
  34. Ex. 45.34Modeling
    光学近似:小角度时 sinθθ\sin \theta \approx \thetatanθθ\tan \theta \approx \thetaθ=5°\theta = 5° 的相对误差?
  35. Ex. 45.35Modeling
    罕见事件泊松分布:limn,np=λ(nk)pk(1p)nk=eλλk/k!\lim_{n \to \infty, np = \lambda} \binom{n}{k} p^k (1-p)^{n-k} = e^{-\lambda}\lambda^k/k!
  36. Ex. 45.36ModelingAnswer key
    在金融中,短期美式期权:通过 sin/()1\sin/(\cdot) \to 1 展开近似支付 S0σTS_0 \cdot \sigma \sqrt T
  37. Ex. 45.37Understanding
    通过单位圆与夹逼证 limsinx/x=1\lim \sin x / x = 1
  38. Ex. 45.38UnderstandingAnswer key
    lim(1+1/x)x\lim (1 + 1/x)^xxNx \in \mathbb{N} 单调递增。
  39. Ex. 45.39Understanding
    通过泰勒级数证 lim(ex1)/x=1\lim (e^x - 1)/x = 1
  40. Ex. 45.40Understanding
    limx0(ax1)/x=lna\lim_{x \to 0} (a^x - 1)/x = \ln a
  41. Ex. 45.41Challenge
    limx0(tanxsinx)/x3\lim_{x \to 0} (\tan x - \sin x)/x^3。(答:1/21/2。)
  42. Ex. 45.42Challenge
    limxx(ln(x+1)lnx)\lim_{x \to \infty} x(\ln(x+1) - \ln x)。(答:1。)

参考来源

Updated on 2026-04-30 · Author(s): Clube da Matemática

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