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第50课 — 第五学期巩固:极限与连续性

Workshop integrador. Limites ε-δ, propriedades, fundamentais, continuidade, TVI, assíntotas, sequências.

Used in: 2.º ano EM (16-17 anos) · Equiv. Analysis I (Gymnasium alemão) · Equiv. Math II japonês — seção limites

limxaf(x)=L    ε>0,δ>0:0<xa<δf(x)L<ε\lim_{x \to a} f(x) = L \iff \forall \varepsilon > 0, \exists \delta > 0 : 0 < |x-a| < \delta \Rightarrow |f(x) - L| < \varepsilon
Choose your door

Rigorous notation, full derivation, hypotheses

第五学期综合与地图

你完成了微积分的严格基础。覆盖地图:

主题关键概念
41正式极限\eps\eps-δ\delta
42性质加、积、商、夹逼
43连续性limf=f(a)\lim f = f(a),不连续类型
44单侧与无穷通过单侧的存在性
45重要极限sinx/x\sin x/x(1+1/n)n(1+1/n)^n(ex1)/x(e^x-1)/x
46TVI根存在、二分
47渐近线AV、AH、AO
48三角sin,cos,tan\sin, \cos, \tan 操作
49序列柯西、Bolzano-Weierstrass

定理总表

定理假设结论
夹逼gfhg \leq f \leq hlimg=limh=L\lim g = \lim h = Llimf=L\lim f = L
TVIfC([a,b])f \in C([a,b])kkf(a),f(b)f(a), f(b)c:f(c)=k\exists c : f(c) = k
WeierstrassfC([a,b])f \in C([a,b])ff 取 max 与 min
Bolzano-Weierstrass(an)(a_n) 有界有收敛子列
Heine-CantorfC([a,b])f \in C([a,b])ff 一致连续
柯西R\mathbb{R}(an)(a_n) 柯西收敛
单调有界递增上界收敛

下一步

导数(第6学期)——定义为极限: f(x)=limh0f(x+h)f(x)h.f'(x) = \lim_{h \to 0} \frac{f(x+h) - f(x)}{h}.

第5学期的极限熟练度将直接用于此。

操作备忘录

形式技巧
多项式 0/00/0因式分解约简
含根 0/00/0共轭
三角 0/00/0重要极限
有理 /\infty/\infty除以最高次
11^\inftyAB=eBlnAA^B = e^{B \ln A}
00 \cdot \infty重写为商
\infty - \infty公因子、共轭

Exercise list

40 exercises · 10 with worked solution (25%)

Application 22Understanding 3Modeling 8Challenge 4Proof 3
  1. Ex. 50.1Application
    limx2(3x2x+1)\lim_{x \to 2} (3x^2 - x + 1)。(答:11。)
  2. Ex. 50.2Application
    limx1(x21)/(x1)\lim_{x \to 1} (x^2 - 1)/(x - 1)。(答:2。)
  3. Ex. 50.3Application
    limx0sin(5x)/x\lim_{x \to 0} \sin(5x)/x。(答:5。)
  4. Ex. 50.4Application
    limx0(1cosx)/x2\lim_{x \to 0} (1 - \cos x)/x^2。(答:1/21/2。)
  5. Ex. 50.5Application
    limx(1+3/x)x\lim_{x \to \infty} (1 + 3/x)^x。(答:e3e^3。)
  6. Ex. 50.6Application
    limx(2x2+x)/(x25)\lim_{x \to \infty} (2x^2 + x)/(x^2 - 5)。(答:2。)
  7. Ex. 50.7Application
    limx0+xlnx\lim_{x \to 0^+} x \ln x。(答:0。)
  8. Ex. 50.8Application
    f(x)=(x2+1)/(x2)f(x) = (x^2 + 1)/(x - 2) 的渐近线。(答:AV x=2x = 2,AO y=x+2y = x + 2。)
  9. Ex. 50.9Application
    f(x)=(x29)/(x3)f(x) = (x^2 - 9)/(x - 3)x=3x = 3 连续?修正。(答:f(3)=6f(3) = 6。)
  10. Ex. 50.10Application
    limx0(e2x1)/(sin(3x))\lim_{x \to 0} (e^{2x} - 1)/(\sin(3x))。(答:2/32/3。)
  11. Ex. 50.11Application
    limn!/nn\lim n!/n^n。(答:0。)
  12. Ex. 50.12ApplicationAnswer key
    aa 使 f(x)={x+ax<0x2+1x0f(x) = \begin{cases} x + a & x < 0 \\ x^2 + 1 & x \geq 0 \end{cases} 连续。(答:a=1a = 1。)
  13. Ex. 50.13Application
    limx0(tanxx)/x3\lim_{x \to 0} (\tan x - x)/x^3。(答:1/31/3。)
  14. Ex. 50.14ApplicationAnswer key
    limx0(1cos(2x))/(x2)\lim_{x \to 0} (1 - \cos(2x))/(x^2)
  15. Ex. 50.15Application
    limxx2+xx\lim_{x \to \infty} \sqrt{x^2 + x} - x。(答:1/21/2。)
  16. Ex. 50.16Application
    limn(12/n)n\lim_{n \to \infty} (1 - 2/n)^n。(答:e2e^{-2}。)
  17. Ex. 50.17Application
    limx0ln(1+5x)/x\lim_{x \to 0} \ln(1+5x)/x。(答:5。)
  18. Ex. 50.18Application
    f(x)=arctanx+1/xf(x) = \arctan x + 1/x 的渐近线。(答:AV x=0x=0,AH y=±π/2y = \pm \pi/2。)
  19. Ex. 50.19Application
    limxπ/2tanx(π/2x)\lim_{x \to \pi/2^-} \tan x \cdot (\pi/2 - x)。(答:1。)
  20. Ex. 50.20ApplicationAnswer key
    limnk=1n1/n1/(1+(k/n)2)\lim_{n \to \infty} \sum_{k=1}^n 1/n \cdot 1/(1 + (k/n)^2)。(答:通过积分 π/4\pi/4。)
  21. Ex. 50.21Application
    f(x)={sinx/xx01x=0f(x) = \begin{cases} \sin x / x & x \neq 0 \\ 1 & x = 0 \end{cases}。在 0 连续?(答:是。)
  22. Ex. 50.22ModelingAnswer key
    x32x1=0x^3 - 2x - 1 = 0(1,2)(1, 2) 有根?TVI。(答:是。)
  23. Ex. 50.23Modeling
    cosx=x2\cos x = x^2(0,1)(0, 1) 有解。
  24. Ex. 50.24Modeling
    f(x)=exx2f(x) = e^x - x - 2R+\mathbb{R}^+ 有根?哪里?
  25. Ex. 50.25Application
    f(x)=(x24)/(x25x+6)f(x) = (x^2 - 4)/(x^2 - 5x + 6) 在哪不连续?类型?
  26. Ex. 50.26ModelingAnswer key
    RC 中:V(t)=V(1et/RC)V(t) = V_\infty (1 - e^{-t/RC})limtV(t)=V\lim_{t \to \infty} V(t) = V_\infty。验证。99%99\% VV_\infty 时间?
  27. Ex. 50.27ModelingAnswer key
    放射衰变中,N(t)=N0et/τN(t) = N_0 e^{-t/\tau}。用 τ\tau 表半衰期。tt \to \infty 极限?
  28. Ex. 50.28ModelingAnswer key
    控制中,H(s)=(s+1)/(s2+4s+5)H(s) = (s+1)/(s^2 + 4s + 5)。算 H(0)H(0)limsH(s)\lim_{|s| \to \infty} H(s)
  29. Ex. 50.29Modeling
    金融中,欧式期权 C(S,T)SC(S, T) \to SSS \to \infty。通过 Black-Scholes 公式中极限确认。
  30. Ex. 50.30Modeling
    优化中,梯度下降 wn+1=wnαf(wn)w_{n+1} = w_n - \alpha \nabla f(w_n)ffLL-Lipschitz、α<2/L\alpha < 2/L 时收敛。通过序列分析证。
  31. Ex. 50.31UnderstandingAnswer key
    构造处处不连续 ff(狄利克雷)并说明。
  32. Ex. 50.32UnderstandingAnswer key
    通过 Bolzano-Weierstrass 证 sinn\sin n 有收敛子列。
  33. Ex. 50.33Understanding
    fC([a,b])f \in C([a, b]) 一致连续(Heine-Cantor)。
  34. Ex. 50.34Proof
    limxaf(x)=L\lim_{x \to a} f(x) = L 当且仅当两个单侧极限存在且等于 LL
  35. Ex. 50.35Proof
    fC([a,b])f \in C([a,b]) 有界。
  36. Ex. 50.36Proof
    证递增有界序列是柯西。
  37. Ex. 50.37ChallengeAnswer key
    limx0(sinx)1/x\lim_{x \to 0} (\sin x)^{1/x}。存在?算单侧。
  38. Ex. 50.38Challenge
    limn(n!)1/n2\lim_{n \to \infty} (n!)^{1/n^2}
  39. Ex. 50.39Challenge
    f(x)=xcos(1/x)f(x) = x \cos(1/x)x0x \neq 0f(0)=0f(0) = 0。证 ff 在 0 连续但不可微。
  40. Ex. 50.40Challenge
    通过斯特林 limxln(Γ(x))/(xlnx)\lim_{x \to \infty} \ln(\Gamma(x))/(x \ln x)。(答:1。)

参考来源

Updated on 2026-04-30 · Author(s): Clube da Matemática

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