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Lição 84 — Técnica: substituição (u-substitution)

Substituição u = g(x): inversa da regra da cadeia. A técnica mais usada de integração. Versões indefinida e definida. Reconhecimento de padrão.

Used in: 3.º ano do EM (17 anos) · Equiv. Math II japonês cap. 6 · Equiv. Klasse 12 alemã

f(g(x))g(x)dx=f(u)du,u=g(x)\int f(g(x))\, g'(x)\, dx = \int f(u)\, du, \quad u = g(x)
Choose your door

Rigorous notation, full derivation, hypotheses

定理和方法步骤

变量替换定理

"替换规则是积分中对应导数中链式法则的相反运算。" — OpenStax Calculus Vol. 1, §5.5

证明。F=fF' = f,根据链式法则:(Fg)=f(g(x))g(x)(F \circ g)' = f(g(x)) \cdot g'(x)。因此 FgF \circ gf(g(x))g(x)f(g(x)) g'(x) 的一个反导数。根据微积分第二基本定理:

abf(g(x))g(x)dx=F(g(b))F(g(a))=g(a)g(b)f(u)du.\int_a^b f(g(x)) g'(x)\, dx = F(g(b)) - F(g(a)) = \int_{g(a)}^{g(b)} f(u)\, du. \quad \square

机械步骤

替换何时有效的迹象

被积函数应包含 f(某式)f(\text{某式}) 乘以该"某式"的导数(或该导数的某个常数倍)。

模式示例:

被积函数uududu
2xex22x\, e^{x^2}x2x^22xdx2x\, dx
cosxesinx\cos x \cdot e^{\sin x}sinx\sin xcosxdx\cos x\, dx
xx2+1\frac{x}{x^2 + 1}x2+1x^2 + 12xdx2x\, dx(需要 1/21/2 的调整)
x2(x3+1)5x^2(x^3 + 1)^5x3+1x^3 + 13x2dx3x^2\, dx(需要 1/31/3 的调整)

求解的例题

Exercise list

30 exercises · 7 with worked solution (25%)

Application 23Understanding 2Modeling 2Challenge 2Proof 1
  1. Ex. 84.1Application

    计算 (2x+1)4dx\int (2x+1)^4\, dx

  2. Ex. 84.2Application

    计算 x(x23)5dx\int x(x^2 - 3)^5\, dx

  3. Ex. 84.3Application

    计算 cos3xsinxdx\int \cos^3 x \sin x\, dx

  4. Ex. 84.4Application

    计算 x2ex3+2dx\int x^2 e^{x^3 + 2}\, dx

  5. Ex. 84.5Application

    计算 xx2+1dx\int \frac{x}{x^2 + 1}\, dx

  6. Ex. 84.6Application

    计算 cos(3x)dx\int \cos(3x)\, dx

  7. Ex. 84.7ApplicationAnswer key

    计算 xex2/2dx\int x e^{-x^2/2}\, dx

  8. Ex. 84.8ApplicationAnswer key

    计算 (lnx)2xdx\int \frac{(\ln x)^2}{x}\, dx

  9. Ex. 84.9Application

    计算 sin4xcosxdx\int \sin^4 x \cos x\, dx

  10. Ex. 84.10Application

    计算 43xdx\int \sqrt{4 - 3x}\, dx

  11. Ex. 84.11Application

    计算 (x+2)(x2+4x)3dx\int (x+2)(x^2+4x)^3\, dx

  12. Ex. 84.12Application

    计算 sin(2x)dx\int \sin(2x)\, dx

  13. Ex. 84.13ApplicationAnswer key

    计算 12xx2+1dx\int_1^2 \frac{x}{\sqrt{x^2+1}}\, dx

  14. Ex. 84.14Application

    计算 01exex+1dx\int_0^1 \frac{e^x}{e^x + 1}\, dx

  15. Ex. 84.15Application

    计算 cotxdx\int \cot x\, dx

  16. Ex. 84.16ApplicationAnswer key

    计算 e5xdx\int e^{5x}\, dx

  17. Ex. 84.17Application

    计算 x2x3+1dx\int \frac{x^2}{x^3 + 1}\, dx

  18. Ex. 84.18UnderstandingAnswer key

    计算 3x2(x3+1)4dx\int 3x^2(x^3+1)^4\, dx 时,哪个替换 uu 最合适?

  19. Ex. 84.19Understanding

    尝试用替换 u=g(x)u = g(x) 时,发现 g(x)g'(x) 乘以一个不同的常数。应该怎样处理?

  20. Ex. 84.20Application

    计算 0π/4esin2xsinxcosxdx\int_0^{\pi/4} e^{\sin^2 x} \sin x \cos x\, dx

  21. Ex. 84.21Application

    计算 tan3xsec2xdx\int \tan^3 x \sec^2 x\, dx

  22. Ex. 84.22Application

    计算 12x2(x3+1)4dx\int_1^2 x^2(x^3 + 1)^4\, dx

  23. Ex. 84.23Modeling

    一个固定收益基金的月度增量费率为 R$ 500,具有指数增长:r(t)=500e0,08tr(t) = 500 e^{0{,}08t} 雷亚尔每月。计算 12 个月后累积的余额。

  24. Ex. 84.24Application

    计算 xcos(x2)dx\int x\cos(x^2)\, dx

  25. Ex. 84.25ApplicationAnswer key

    计算 1(1+x)xdx\int \frac{1}{(1+\sqrt{x})\sqrt{x}}\, dx

  26. Ex. 84.26Application

    计算 0πcos(sinx)cosxdx\int_0^\pi \cos(\sin x) \cos x\, dx。(提示:观察替换后的极限。)

  27. Ex. 84.27Challenge

    计算 exe2x+1dx\int \frac{e^x}{e^{2x} + 1}\, dx

  28. Ex. 84.28Challenge

    尝试用替换法计算 sec3xdx\int \sec^3 x\, dx。指出为什么简单替换在此失效,并写出答案(需要分部积分,第 85 课)。

  29. Ex. 84.29ProofAnswer key

    验证 f(ax+b)dx=1aF(ax+b)+C\int f(ax + b)\, dx = \frac{1}{a} F(ax + b) + C,其中 F=fF' = fa0a \neq 0

  30. Ex. 84.30Modeling

    一辆车的加速度为 a(t)=10e0,5ta(t) = 10e^{-0{,}5t} m/s²,从静止出发(v(0)=0v(0) = 0)。用替换法求 v(t)v(t),并计算 t=4t = 4 s 时的速度。

来源

Updated on 2026-05-06 · Author(s): Clube da Matemática

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